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Which of the following best describes cavitation?

  1. Crystallization of liquids

  2. Vapor bubbles causing damage to pumps

  3. Reduction in water flow due to blockages

  4. Increase in temperature due to friction

The correct answer is: Vapor bubbles causing damage to pumps

Cavitation refers to the formation and collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid, which can result in significant damage to equipment, particularly pumps. When the pressure in a pump drops below the vapor pressure of the liquid, vapor bubbles form. As these bubbles move to areas of higher pressure within the pump, they collapse violently. This collapse can create shockwaves that negatively impact the material of the pump, leading to erosion and other forms of damage over time. Understanding cavitation is crucial in wastewater management and pumping systems to ensure the longevity and efficiency of the equipment. Proper operation and design considerations, such as maintaining sufficient pressure and flow rates, can help prevent cavitation from occurring.